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在Rust中使用SQLite和Migration

最近需要用到 SQLite 数据库,这里简单总结一下;

本文讲解了如何在 Rust 中使用 SQLite,以及对应的 Migration;

源代码:


在Rust中使用SQLite和Migration

前言

Rust 连接操作 SQLite 数据库,主要使用 rusqlite 这个 crate:

Cargo.toml 中添加一些依赖:

Cargo.toml

[dependencies]
rusqlite = "0.29.0"
rusqlite_migration = { version = "1.0.2" }

anyhow = "1"
lazy_static = "1.4.0"
include_dir = "0.7.3"
boost-rs = { version = "0.0.4", features = ["logger"] }

下面是会用到的一些其他依赖;


创建Migration

在实际项目中,通常情况下都会使用 Migration 进行数据库结构的版本控制;

这样在服务启动后,会自动创建、并维护数据库表结构等;

这里使用的的 crate 是:

首先在项目根目录创建:

migrations/01-add-person/up.sql

CREATE TABLE person
(
    id   INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
    name TEXT    NOT NULL,
    age  INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
    data BLOB
);

目前 rusqlite_migration 还没有对外提供 from-directory 从 Migration 直接加载;

随后,在代码中加载这个文件,并作为 Migration:

storage/migration.rs

use anyhow::Result;
use include_dir::{include_dir, Dir};
use lazy_static::lazy_static;
use rusqlite::Connection;
use rusqlite_migration::{Migrations, M};

static MIGRATIONS_DIR: Dir = include_dir!("$CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR/migrations");

const DATABASE_FILE: &str = "lifeline.db";

// Define migrations. These are applied atomically.
lazy_static! {
    static ref MIGRATIONS: Migrations<'static> = Migrations::new(
        MIGRATIONS_DIR
            .dirs()
            .map(|dir| {
                dir.files()
                    .find(|f| f.path().ends_with("up.sql"))
                    .map(|up_file| M::up(up_file.contents_utf8().unwrap()))
                    .unwrap()
            })
            .collect()
    );
}

pub fn init_db() -> Result<Connection> {
    let mut conn = Connection::open(DATABASE_FILE)?;

    // Update the database schema, atomically
    MIGRATIONS.to_latest(&mut conn)?;

    // Apply some PRAGMA. These are often better applied outside of migrations, as some needs to be
    // executed for each connection (like `foreign_keys`) or to be executed outside transactions
    // (`journal_mode` is a noop in a transaction).
    conn.pragma_update(None, "journal_mode", "WAL").unwrap();
    conn.pragma_update(None, "foreign_keys", "ON").unwrap();

    Ok(conn)
}

// Test that migrations are working
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn migrations_test() {
        assert!(MIGRATIONS.validate().is_ok());
    }
}

此时,在项目启动后,调用 init_db 会创建数据库连接,并且自动创建数据库表;


使用SQLite

上面的 Migration 完成的数据库表的创建和连接;

下面来使用 SQLite;

定义一个 Person 实体类:

entity/person.rs

#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Person {
    pub id: i32,
    pub name: String,
    pub age: u8,
    pub data: Option<Vec<u8>>,
}

新增和查询语句:

storage/person.rs

use crate::entity::person::Person;
use anyhow::Result;
use rusqlite::{params, Connection};

pub fn add_person(conn: &Connection, person: &Person) -> Result<()> {
    conn.execute(
        "INSERT INTO person (name, age, data) VALUES (?1, ?2, ?3)",
        params![person.name, person.age, person.data],
    )
    .unwrap();

    Ok(())
}

pub fn get_persons(conn: &Connection) -> Result<Vec<Person>> {
    let mut stmt = conn.prepare("SELECT * FROM person")?;
    let persons = stmt.query_map([], |row| {
        Ok(Person {
            id: row.get(0)?,
            name: row.get(1)?,
            age: row.get(2)?,
            data: row.get(3)?,
        })
    })?;

    let mut ret_persons = Vec::new();
    for p in persons {
        ret_persons.push(p?);
    }
    Ok(ret_persons)
}

代码非常简单,不再赘述;


代码测试

在 main 函数中使用上面的定义,如下:

src/main.rs

mod entity;
mod storage;

use crate::entity::person::Person;
use crate::storage::migration::init_db;
use crate::storage::person::{add_person, get_persons};
use boost_rs::logger;
use boost_rs::logger::log::info;

fn main() {
    // Step 1: Init logger
    logger::init(Some(logger::LogLevel::Trace));

    // Step 2: Init database
    let conn = init_db().unwrap();

    // Use the db
    add_person(
        &conn,
        &Person {
            id: 0,
            name: "John".to_string(),
            age: 18,
            data: Some(Vec::from("test")),
        },
    )
    .unwrap();

    let persons = get_persons(&conn);
    info!("{:?}", persons);
}

首次执行时,由于没有数据库和表结构,因此会自动创建:

[DEBUG]: rusqlite_migration - some migrations defined, try to migrate
[DEBUG]: rusqlite_migration - some migrations to run, target_db_version: 1, current_version: 0
[TRACE]: rusqlite_migration - start migration transaction
[DEBUG]: rusqlite_migration - Running: CREATE TABLE person
(
    id   INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
    name TEXT    NOT NULL,
    age  INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
    data BLOB
);

[TRACE]: rusqlite_migration - set user version to: 1
[TRACE]: rusqlite_migration - commited migration transaction
[ INFO]: rusqlite_migration - Database migrated to version 1
[ INFO]: rust_learn - Ok([Person { id: 1, name: "John", age: 18, data: Some([116, 101, 115, 116]) }])

再次执行一次:

[DEBUG]: rusqlite_migration - some migrations defined, try to migrate
[DEBUG]: rusqlite_migration - no migration to run, db already up to date
[ INFO]: rust_learn - Ok([Person { id: 1, name: "John", age: 18, data: Some([116, 101, 115, 116]) }, Person { id: 2, name: "John", age: 18, data: Some([116, 101, 115, 116]) }])

此时,由于表结构已经创建,我们的数据库版本没有变化,因此不需要创建数据库了!


附录

源代码:

文章参考:



本文作者:Jasonkay
本文链接:https://jasonkayzk.github.io/2023/07/11/在Rust中使用SQLite和Migration/
版权声明:本文采用 CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 CN 协议进行许可